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Air transportation industry has been growing fast around the globe. This expansion in result has developed local and global effects on economic and social boundaries. Nowadays, travelling by air has become essential and common. People from all around the world are more inclined to travel by air due to the convenience of moving from one place to another. Many countries have been focusing on expanding their air transportation services due to growing demand; however, few have been struggling to achieve this aim. With the help of proper planning, the airline industry can undertake the methods for controlling the air traffic, predicting the future requirement for air services and reshaping the motif of upcoming airline operations. Here with the help secondary sources of data, the paper will evaluate the elasticity of demand and the dependency and need for travelling by air.

This report has selected the country of Brazil for evaluating the threats, challenges and potential mitigation for Air Transport planning, design and operations. It would further focus on how airport provision is affected by certain constraints, the effects of airfield design, consequences of physical design and capacity limitations and regulating and controlling airspace in Brazil.

Air Industry of Brazil

According to the report of Booming Brazil (2010), Brazil ranks on a second-biggest airfield in the globe, with more than 3000 airfields. Nevertheless, the country is still not able to handle the growing ratio of passengers. As per updates of Airbus (2013), the key airports of Brazil would be soon occupied with the growing average rate of air traffic.

Constraints affecting the expansion of airport provision:

Environmental Constraints:

According to the US research (Natural Resources Defense Council, 1996) cited in Whitelegg, (2000), pollution in the air from vehicles and manufacturing industries has reduced to a certain level with time, whereas aeroplanes continue to discharge more dangerous ozone with each passing year. This ozone is known as ground-level ozone which is a volatile Organic compound. The environmental limitations are commonly found as the key constraint for the expansion of the airports. Airport expansion can rise air pollutions issues, noise, loss of wildlife and animals including valued forest and lands and most importantly the emission of CO2 gases that are damaging the ozone layer. A cost-benefit analysis will help to explain the vitality of the expansion. Flights cancellations, Delays and
redirecting has caused a lot of inconvenience to travellers and as result, it has caused disruption to the set budgets of airlines, (Bruce, 2011).

·         Noise:

Figure 1: noise constraints

According to Pope (2008), noise is considered as to have the most lasting environmental effect. Many researchers have contributed in this area of research. Noise impact valuation evidence is available in greater quantity, but when a cost-benefit analysis is done in this regards the effects of noise factor are sometimes found to be relatively smaller in contrast with some other economic and costs factors of expansion. Not only business but many households make location decisions after considering the factor of noise because noise is a factor that creates discomfort. So with these existing situations, there are sometimes significant relocation costs increase in both contexts i.e. financial and non-financial. This has often created a situation in which expansion of the airport is constrained to noise levels already prevailing. Air transport expansion is required for with the introduction of less noise creating aeroplanes and alteration in operating methods are required.

Economic Constraints:

The salaries and remunerations along working situations of employees working in air traffic control system are less than the set quality levels, people engaged in this industry are working long hours with low wages. This also was considered as one of the basic cause of the crisis in Brazilian aviation in 2006 (Brazilian Aviation Crisis). Skilled labours especially pilots and air traffic controllers are extensively needed in the aircraft industry to operate in different areas.  Brazilian Air Force usually control the air traffic. São Paulo International Airport is experiencing the worst case, where a throughput, of 17 million passengers annually, has already reached on contrary it has a design capacity to accommodate only 12 million.

Airport capacity constraints:

According to Gelhausen, Berster and Wilken (2013), airports can encounter the capacity constraints which will cause problems to the airline’s industry related to scheduling and plan air travel in the most appropriate way. There are some airports which have an uncontrolled volume of traffic at specific peak hours like in evening hours and in morning hours also, whereas, there are some other airports that have large traffic volume that faces problems of capacity utilization even during the hours of the day. Those airports…