Annotated bibliography

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Annotated Bibliography

Manstead, A. S. R. & Tetlock, P. E. (1989). Cognitive appraisals and emotional experience: Further evidence. Cognition & Emotion, 3(3), 225-239. Available at: http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/tetlock/vita/Philip%20Tetlock/Phil%20Tetlock/1988-1991/1989%20Cognitive%20Appraisals%20and%20Emotional%20Experience.pdf (Accessed: 10 December 2016).

This a study by A. S. R. Manstead and Philip E. Tetlock that was conducted at University of Manchester and California respectively in the year 1989 on cognitive appraisals and emotional experiences.

The sample selected by the authors consisted of 20 subjects in total, 10 males and 10 females, who were postgraduate students from the Department of Psychology at the University of Manchester. They were instructed to think of a particular incident in which they experienced one of these eight emotions: pride, hope, anxiety, anger, shame, guilt, joy and embarrassment.

Events described by the participants were then rated on all the 10 appraisal scales: unpleasantness, unexpectedness from own and others perspective, inconsistency of his/her actions with own and others’ behavioral standards, benefit to self and others, own and others responsibility for events, and the degree to which events were beyond anyone’s control.

The research focuses on evaluating human emotions when subjected to certain situations. The results obtained showed that unpleasantness was high for all the negative emotions and in negative for joy hope and pride. Self-responsibility came out to be lowest for anger, anxiety, and hope and highest for shame guilt and pride.

Scores for unexpectedness of the situation are less for anxiety and joy and highest for embarrassment and to a lesser extent shame. Thus, it was concluded that emotions like anxiety and joy involved events that were expected by the participant while those evoking embarrassment and shame involve unexpected events.

This study is relevant to my research because Manstead and Tetlock have very evidently proven the close relation between cognitive appraisals and emotions, as emotions doplay an essential role in determining the ability of a person to cope with stress.

In this study guilt and shame were more elaborately distinguished as compared to the study by Smith and Ellsworth(1985), guilt higher in personal responsibility while shame was less unpleasant than guilt. The main limitation was less amount of emotions selected for this study, e.g. sadness was not included.

Secondly due to the ambiguity about the identity of others, the attempt to insert social content into the appraisal scales was unsuccessful. Hence this study clearly demonstrated that the dimensions of appraisal have been useful in distinguishing among emotions. This article will supplement my research because stress is related to emotions and it forms bases of my study….