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Dense surface correspondence to evaluate facial
| S.No | Pg. No | |
| 1 | Introduction | 2 |
| 2 | Conditions which results in facial asymmetry | 2 |
| 3 | Facial Asymmetry in pathological and non-pathological conditions | 4 |
| 4 | Defining normal boundaries for facial asymmetry | 4 |
| 5 | Benefits of planning facial reconstruction using automated land marking system in creating dense surface correspondence. | 5 |
| 6 | Soft tissue enhancement procedures | 6 |
| 7 | References | 7 |
Introduction
Dense surface correspondence to evaluate facial , Facial symmetry is a bodily measurement of one’s facial aspects. The measurement is precisely related to aesthetic traits of an individual and is also known to be associated with varying age, genetics and health (Kościński, 2007).
Facial asymmetry is common in people. However significant asymmetry of the face can lead to major functional as well as aesthetic problems. This is why the underlying cause of the problem should always be investigated when a patient develops a certain level of asymmetry (Cheong and Lo, 2011).
Conditions, which results in facial asymmetry (in pediatrics)
-Hemifacial Microsomia
This is a congenital disorder which affects the lower half of one side of the face. The affected side fails to grow at the normal rate and results in an abnormal look of the face. This condition mainly involves the ears, mouth, lips and the lower jaw. Hemifacial microsomia can also occur on both sides of the face. This condition has varying severity and symptoms but if it becomes very serious then the child can face dyspnea and may require surgery to remove obstruction from the tracheal airway. Dense surface correspondence to evaluate facial It is also known as lateral facial dysplasia and first and second branchial arch syndrome (Werler et al., 2009). This is because the parts affected (ear, mouth, etc) develop from the first and second branchial arch during the development and growth of the embryo. Hemifacial microsomia is the second most common birth defect after clefts (Birgfeld and Heike, 2012).
-Parry-Rhomberg syndrome
This is a syndrome affecting the face. It is also known as progressive hemifacial atrophy. It is a rare disorder which is characterised by slow, progressive degeneration of soft tissues and the skin of one side of the face but can also extend to other parts of the body. More commonly, the left side is affected. Signs and symptoms include early facial changes near the upper jaw or the area between the nose and the upper lip. The skin of the overlying degenerating tissue may also become dark and pigmented.
The syndrome is also accompanied by neurological abnormalities including seizures and trigeminal neuralgia (Vykuntaraju, Sahana and Shivananda, 2013). Enophthalmos, ophthalmoplegia, Dense surface correspondence to evaluate facial and oral cavity muscle degeneration is common in this disorder. The exact pathogenesis and aetiology behind the syndrome is unknown. Those affected have high antibody titer levels so the syndrome might be of autoimmune origin. Studies have also shown that the syndrome also shows autosomal dominant inheritance pattern (Gorlin, Cohen and Levin, 1990). Female children are more affected by this syndrome than male children. Treatment for this syndrome includes medical management with corticosteroids and surgical intervention requires reconstructive surgery to repair the facial defects caused by the syndrome (Grippaudo et al., 2004).
Tumors and trauma:
Another cause of facial asymmetry is lipomas. Lipomas are benign but abnormal growth of mature adipocyte cells which are encapsulated in a thin capsule (Fregnani et al., 2003). Some lipomas grow in the oral cavity and are usually painless. Buccal fat pad is located between two muscles of the oral cavity and is an encapsulated mass of adipose cells. Pseudolipoma occurs in children between 4 months to 4 years of age. It can cause facial asymmetry on either side of the neck or face (Sah et al., 2011).
Other pathological conditions which can cause facial asymmetry in children and young adults is condylar hyperplasia. It is characterised by bilateral or unilateral mandibular condylar overgrowth which leads to unusual changes in the bones of the face. It causes dental and facial deformity and requires an effective treatment for functional and aesthetic rehabilitation (Wang-Norderud and Ragab, 1978).
Facial asymmetry not necessarily has to be as a result of a disease , condition or syndrome. It can exist in normal population as well. A research studied the facial symmetry of 321 young subjects who were physically fit and found that in both, males and females, the left side of the face was more dominant. Hence it was concluded that facial asymmetry is a common trait in people and it should be considered while planning any surgical or medical procedure regarding the face (Ercan et al., 2008).
Conditions, which results in facial asymmetry (in pediatrics)
Facial asymmetry leads to many problems. Conditions…
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