This article consists of 12 pages and 3265 pages. Tax Management In order to have full access to this article, email us at thedocumentco@hotmail.co.uk
Ref No: 1377
Table of Contents
Question # 2: Why do some governments aim to be tax competitive?.
Introduction
Among the case studies provided, the case study named Multinational Companies: Tax Management, Avoidance and Evasion is selected for the purpose of this essay/case study analysis. The case study puts me in a role for an international NGO and asks to prepare a document for a non-specialist audience and explain the social responsibility challenges for multinational companies which use tax management strategies to reduce their overhead expenses and show an improved picture of profitability. The case study will carefully explain some basic concepts related to tax, i.e. tax management, tax avoidance and tax evasion; it will also focus on the role played by the government for competitive taxation in the country and the impacts of aggressive tax policies of multinational companies on the social environment and development.
Answers to the Questions in Case Study
Question#1: what are the differences between tax management, tax avoidance, and tax evasion by companies?
There are some primary differences between the tax management, tax avoidance and tax evasion by companies. In accordance with Huseynov and Klamm (2012), tax management can be defined as the measures taken to manage the finance for the payment of tax, accrue the tax liabilities effectively and manage the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liability to improve the financial performance and position of the company in the long run. Some companies also manage their product portfolios and take other key decisions of the organization keeping the tax payment in mind; this is an active approach to tax management. However, some companies, especially multinational giants misuse the tax management and use it replicate better financial statements when the actual performance of the company is not up to the mark. According to Water Street (2015), the tax management is important aspect considered by the companies these days due to different types of taxes implemented in each economy and varying rates of taxation based on the nature of business and income of the corporations. It has been found that the cost of taxation is rising for companies very instantly and these costs account for 2% to 3% of turnover on average varying from industry to industry. It is also found that these costs can be decreased as a result of active tax management especially in the case of mutual fund and other service companies.
According to Slemrod and Yitzhaki (2002), the tax avoidance can be defined as the capitalization of loopholes in the income tax law; the tax avoidance does not lead to penalties due to the fact the tax is avoided based on what is written in the income tax law. Tax avoidance is legal but unethical in some cases as the weak phrases of income tax law are capitalized by companies or individuals. The tax avoidance is possible due to the weaknesses of tax policies formed by the policymakers. The companies are able to capitalize on these weaknesses and often report higher after-tax income than possible in another way. On the other hand, the tax evasion is defined as the avoidance of tax by avoiding what is written in the law. It is illegal and can lead to punishments and penalties for both individuals and companies. Multinational companies are often involved in the tax avoidance so these are not subject to penalties and punishments as well (Huseynov and Klamm, 2012).
Slemrod and Yitzhaki (2002) studied the differences between tax avoidance and tax evasion and state that one of the key differences between these two is that the tax avoidance is done when the compliance is made to the law but the intention of the law is defeated. On the contrary, tax evasion relates to the non-compliance of any provision of law as a whole. This is why tax avoidance is legal and tax evasion is illegal. Another major difference highlighted by Needham (2013) is that the tax avoidance does not involve the reduction of tax by any unfair means and tax evasion involves the employment of unfair means as discussed earlier. It is further discussed that the taxation department in a country can challenge and punish the company in case of tax evasion; whereas, it is not applicable in the case of tax avoidance. Further, it is discussed that the tax avoidance is a part of tax planning or tax management and it is done before the tax liability has arisen. In contrast, the tax evasion is simply a fraudulent activity and is often done after the tax liability has arisen (Desai and Dharmapala, 2006). The tax management is different entirely different from tax avoidance and tax evasion and is a broader concept than these two. In the view of tax experts, the tax avoidance is part of the active tax planning which is why the effective tax rate is decreased as a result of the active tax management. The multinational companies also employ tax management techniques to improve their financial performance and position(Slemrod and Yitzhaki, 2002).
In the view of Needham (2013), the multinational companies are often involved in tax avoidance as these companies comply with the law but disregard the intention of the law despite knowing the intentions. There are many examples of multinational companies paying a lower amount of tax in a particular country by employing different tax management strategies. For example, Amazon paid a very small amount of tax in the UK from the year 2009 to 2011 on average sales of 7.6 billion Pounds each year and staff over 15000 employees. According to Needham (2013), there are some common strategies used by multinational companies; some of those are listed below:
- Shifting profits from higher-tax countries to the lower tax countries.
- Setting higher transfer prices with the companies owned by the same group.
- Providing loans to subsidiaries in higher-tax countries.
- Listing as shell company as part of tax planning.
These are some of the common techniques employed by MNCs for tax avoidance as these activities are not prohibited by tax law in any jurisdiction. For example: shifting the profits from higher-tax countries to a lower-tax country leads to lower overall taxation for the MNC. Similarly, the provision of loans to subsidiaries in higher-tax countries leads to higher interest expense in those countries and increase in income for lower-tax countries resulting in overall lower taxation for the MNC (Needham, 2013). In a nutshell, it can be stated that there is a significant difference between the tax management, tax avoidance and tax evasion. It can also be stated that the multinational companies are often involved in tax avoidance as they employ different tax management strategies to reduce the effective tax rate. However, tax evasion is an illegal activity so it is avoided by the MNCs.
Question # 2: Why do some governments aim to be tax competitive?
In accordance with Garrett and Mitchell (2001), as the globalization has increased in the modern era, both foreign direct investment and portfolio investment of foreigners has become very important for every economy. Nowadays, every country around the globe aims to attract investment into its economy including both fresh investors and multinational companies. The investment is made mostly in the countries which is cheaper in terms of manufacturing, operating and other costs so that the profits of the investors can be maximized. It is easier for developed countries to attract investment because they have a developed population and fewer risks so investors prefer to invest in developed countries. However, the case for developing countries is quite different; the investors invest their money in developing countries only if the country is cost-efficient. Due to the given fact, the developing economies often reduce their tax rate and other such aspects to make the investment in the economy attractive. The tax rate is reduced in order to cut the costs of corporations and make the country competitive to its developed counterparts (Garrett and Mitchell, 2001)…
Recent Comments