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ABSTRACT
The aim of this dissertation is mainly to investigate the Effect of Bronchodilatory Induced Cardiotoxicity levosalbutamol. The dissertation will explain these effects with the help of different examples and samples collected. Bronchial obstruction, airway hyper responsiveness and inflammation are the main features of asthma. Clinically, asthma patients report dyspnoea, cough, wheezing variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyper reactivity.
Functional tests confirmed the diagnosis of the disease. Chronic asthma is defined as asthma that requires maintenance treatment. Mild persistent asthma is characterized by symptoms more than once a week but not daily and normal or near-normal spirometry findings. Since the seventies, the prevalence of asthma has increased by almost everyone. In addition to the economic consequences of the disease generates health systems, there is growing concern about the possible epidemiological changes and clinical spectrum.
Surely the well-controlled asthma, which includes minimal symptoms, no exacerbations and normal maximum expiratory flow, is associated with important positive consequences for patients and in terms of public health. Drug treatment aims to control diurnal and nocturnal symptoms and exercise-induced asthma, prevent acute exacerbations and respiratory achieve the best possible functionality with better safety profile. Salbutamol is beta agonist short acting two most commonly used in patients with asthma.
Albuterol is a racemic mixture of the R and S enantiomers Bronchodilators effects are attributable to the R-enantiomer or levosalbutamol (LS). In fact, according to the results of in vitro and in vivo studies, the S-salbutamol induces bronchial obstruction and exerts pro inflammatory effects. The effect of the Bronchodilatory Induced Cardiotoxicity levosalbutamol will be explained in the light of the scholarly journals and articles. In the end the data collected will be analysed and the results concluded.
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT 2
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
Background 1
Aim of Research 3
Hypothesis 3
Limitations of Research 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4
Bronchodilators 4
Asthma and bronchodilator 5
Crystalline levosalbutamol sulphate 7
β-2 adrenergic receptors 8
Levosalbutamol as a bronchodilator 10
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 13
Research Type 13
Research Design 13
Data Collection Method 14
Data Analysis 14
Time Frame 15
Gantt chart 15
CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 17
Patients and methods 18
Results 19
Conclusion 20
REFERENCES 21
Investigating The Effect of Bronchodilatory Induced Cardiotoxicity levosalbutamol
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
The research starts with the background that is the first chapter. It includes the aim of the research and the hypothesis. It is accompanied by the Literature review that is the second chapter. The Effect of Bronchodilatory Induced Cardiotoxicity levosalbutamol is researched with the help of scholarly journals and peer reviewed sources. After the second chapter, the methodology will be discussed. In the fourth chapter, the data gathered will be analysed and the results will be evaluated. In the end, the results findings are summarised. The backbones of this research are the articles and the peer reviewed journals that will help in giving the research a new perspective and dimension.
Background
Bronchial obstruction, airway hyper responsiveness and inflammation are the main features of asthma. Clinically, asthma patients report dyspnoea, cough, wheezing variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperactivity. Functional tests confirmed the diagnosis of the disease (Agusti, 2009). Chronic asthma is defined as asthma that requires maintenance treatment. Mild persistent asthma is characterized by symptoms more than once a week but not daily and normal or near-normal spirometry findings.
Since the seventies, the prevalence of asthma has increased by almost everyone. In addition to the economic consequences of the disease generates health systems, there is growing concern about the possible epidemiological changes and clinical spectrum (Anderson et al, 1990). Surely the well-controlled asthma, which includes minimal symptoms, no exacerbations and normal maximum expiratory flow, is associated with important positive consequences for patients and in terms of public health. Drug treatment aims to control diurnal and nocturnal symptoms and exercise-induced asthma, prevent acute exacerbations and respiratory achieve the best possible functionality with better safety profile.
Salbutamol is beta agonist short acting two most commonly used in patients with asthma. Albuterol is a racemic mixture of the R and S enantiomers Bronchodilators effects are attributable to the R-enantiomer or levosalbutamol (LS). In fact, according to the results of in vitro and in vivo studies, the S-salbutamol induces bronchial obstruction and exerts pro-inflammatory effects.
One group found that nebulized LS is associated with fewer side effects associated with the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors, compared to the racemic mixture. Salbutamol is metabolized primarily in the liver; the inactive metabolites are rapidly eliminated by fecal matter (Agusti, 2009). However, the rates of metabolism of each enantiomer are different: the R-isomer is metabolized almost 8 times faster than the S-salbutamol, so that the accumulation of the latter in the tissues is increased. In several studies, treatment with LS was associated with more important in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1), with a longer duration of action and fewer…
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