Team Communication in Safety Critical Settings: Is take-off briefing work efficient?

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Team Communication in Safety Critical Settings

Contents

 Abstract…….……………………………………………………………….
 Introduction…………………………………………………………………
 Safety Critical Settings…………………………………………….………
 Team Communication……….……………………………………………
 Take off briefing……….……….………………………………………….
 Does take off briefing work? ……….…………..………………………..
 Hybrid learning from adaptations in safety critical
settings environment…….…………..……………………………………
 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………….
 List of figures………………………………………………………………
 References…………………………………………………………………

List of figures and tables
 Table 1. Relative crew differences by dimension (adapted from R.D.Chute, 1995).
 Figure 1. NOTECHS Briefing elements of SA, (adapted from HAF Safety Handbook, HAF 2004).
 Figure 2. Depiction of potential for shared leadership in multi team system aircrews consisting of formal leaders (triangle) and team members (rectangle), (adapted from Nadine Bienefeld and Gudela Grote, 2013).
 Figure 3. Strategies framework (adapted from Carl Rollenhagen, 2012).
 Figure 4. Variety interactions (adapted from Carl Rollenhagen, 2012).

 Table 2. Normalized ranks, values, frequency of use, and time spent using various weather products (adapted from DOT/FAA/AM-08/6, 2008).
Dimitrios Ziakkas

I.D 6066347
ABSTRACT

This paper examines how human factors pertaining to the requirements of team communications in safety critical settings in aviation affect the take-off briefing. The take-off phase itself is focused on so as to understand the need of take-off briefing, its structure and effectiveness. It also provides actors with non-technical support so as that their daily performance before take-off can be rendered effective. Particular emphasis is placed on whether human factors requirements are fully identified and meet the needs of users regarding team communication in safety critical settings. Initially, Team Communication in Safety Critical Settings the team communication aspects (Crew Resource Management) have been emphasized upon, followed by stating the broader perspective in the settings of safety critical in aviation, which focuses on flight phases and accidents related to aviation. Main factors of these are the technology – aircraft generation – and the changes in communication structure that occur during adaptation of the new technology, and how it impacts the take-off briefing and its effectiveness. An orderly literature search after the year 1995, (so as to include new generation aircrafts), acknowledged particular research articles which described the role of team communication and briefings in safety critical settings. The research articles were nominated using search terms like Aviation, human factors, Team Communication, Safety Critical Settings, and Take off briefing. The aim of this literature review is to facilitate an understanding of the research, practice, and routine of take-off briefing and the communications associated with it. Lastly, it delivers a consolidation of lessons learned from the literature and critical discussion, as well as forthcoming needs of the take-off briefing performance from adaptation of cutting-edge technology in recent times.

Keywords: Aviation, Team Communication, Safety Critical Settings, Human factors, Take off briefing.

1. Introduction

Team Communication in Safety Critical Settings, Safety Critical settings are highly risky procedures or can also be described as indeterminate series of events which have a long-term negative behavioral, commercial, and/or emotional effect on a community (Van Den Heuvel et al., 2013). Examples of safety critical settings in aviation include scenarios such as a crash before landing, or other incidents before or after take-off. Human error is likely to occur in terms of critical settings such as due to operational inadequacies during routine procedures, or lack of a double-check by a second crew member. These minor inadequacies may result in major hazards before and during landing (Wiener and Nager, 1988), mostly due to the fact that the mental pressure or stress builds up during such procedures. This can be related to the mental model which is used to show how training can be positively influenced by the guidance of experts (National Research Council (U.S.), Blascovich, and Hartel, 2008). The inverse of this, that is the negative effects of stress can negatively impact the behavior of aviation team members.

Aviation communication is based on effective relay of instructions from one human to another. Ever since the advent of Crew Resource Management, communication has been included in the aviation training, assessing the interaction of flight crew. A prime example of this is the air traffic control which was used to communicate between the air traffic control tower with Garuda Indonesia Airways, Team Communication in Safety Critical Settings moments before it crashed in 1997 (Salas, Bowers and Edens, 2001). According to the Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America (1982) there are specific laws to be followed both by the aviation team as well as those who are involved in briefing – that is instructions given to the passengers before flight.
These briefings include instructions for the pilot, and his critical thinking before any flight, such as: no pilot should diverge from the instructions of airway traffic control. For those who are trained to carry out instruction delivery such as: a member of the team who is certified is to instruct the passengers specifically regarding smoking etcetera. This relays the importance of briefings as well as the specific code of instructions. Briefings in aviation are plans made which affect performance, Team Communication in Safety Critical Settings procedures and safety of the flight. The content, method of conducting, time and length of briefings and instructions can be used as an effective tool for making a structure and keeping situation awareness, which covers various elements such as the 3P’s that is Plane, Path and People.

These elements of situation awareness assist the pilot as well as other members, individually to visualize their situation, plan and make decisions using the data that is needed for the particular situation (Endsley and Garland, 2000). In this review, we identify limitations faced in the past by providing a matching model with supervision on how to interpret adaptations in daily routine situations during the briefing and announcements (Tannenbaum and Cerasoli, 2013). In light of the above, Team Communication in Safety Critical Settings the importance of the structure of communication during the briefings and debriefings (a review of the occurrences of situation and the way the crew has responded, its benefits and disadvantages) can be highlighted, along with its positive and negative effects in safety critical settings.

2. Take off briefing

Briefings are now a common tool for improving safety and performance in critical aviation settings. They are becoming a common practice in other situations and fields as well (Morrison & Meliza, 1999). In practice, medical field also carries out briefings so as to improve the management in critical situations (Gaba, Howard, Fish, Smith, and Sowb, 2001), in the military as an aspect of behavioral sciences (Raanan, Lipshitz, and Popper, 2002), safety during critical fire-fighting incidents (Allen, Baran, and Scott, 2010), correctional teamwork by using teamwork models from other organizations (Smith-Jentsch, Cannon- Bowers, Tannenbaum, and Salas, 2008), Team Communication in Safety Critical Settings aerospace – where they use the ‘pause and learn’ method, which is similar to briefings, Team Communication in Safety Critical Settings in order to enhance the activity of their teams (Rogers and Milam, 2005).

Briefing is also made use of in educational (Ellis, Ganzach, Castle, and Sekely, 2010) and organizational training (Garvin, Edmondson, and Gino, 2008), where learning is basically focused on by means of briefing individuals to carry on the next step; as well as human factors (Rosen, Salas, Tannenbaum, Pronovost, and King, 2012), and aviation (Dismukes and Smith, 2000) communities. All of the aforementioned fields use briefing to facilitate their learning, which shows how briefing is an important element of a safety critical setting that is practiced by not only members of the aviation organizations, but a variety of professions worldwide. Briefings are also used in training critical settings (for instance, in simulation exercise to facilitate learning) as well as in situation (such as, in flight work experience). During both of these settings, briefings provide a means to plan according to the given information (as aforementioned) so…