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Abstract
AIRPLANES: The research aims to conduct an in-depth study of how different human factors demands emerge from the nature of aeroplanes particularly in the case of Airbus. The scope of the current research is limited towards the impact of the changing nature of aeroplanes on the pilot’s task. The primary data collection sources are utilized for this research as the research will utilize the interview as the main source of data. The size of the sample for this particular research involves 15 semi-structured interviews where all the interviewees are flighted crew members, flight instructors or pilots that have experienced flying both the traditional and modern aeroplanes.
The responses are analyzed by content analysis and are then reported as bar charts to make it clearly visible to the target audience. As a result of this research, many findings are drawn as it is concluded that the customer is atop priority in the air service industry as well so the technological advances are highly regarded in the industry. The result of all these advanced features is somewhat affecting pilots and is increasing their task which includes additional workload, the stress of managing 50% more passengers in case of emergency, degradation of their manual flying skills, increased monitoring role in long-haul flight and need for specialized training.
Table of Contents
Chapter 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW.
HUMAN FACTOR DEMANDS EMERGING FROM THE NATURE OF AIRPLANES.
THEORIES RELATED TO THE NATURE OF AIRPLANE AND DIFFERENT HUMAN FACTOR DEMANDS (PILOTS TASK)
FLIGHT DECK DESIGN AND PILOTS TASK.
COCKPIT ERROR AND NATURE OF AIRPLANES.
THE EFFECT OF SIZE OF AIRPLANES, MEDICAL EVENTS ON PILOTS’ TASK.
OUTCOMES OF ADVANCED NATURE OF AIRPLANES ON THE PILOTS.
MENTAL WORKLOAD FOR PILOTS AND NATURE OF AIRPLANES.
THE INCREASED MONITORING ROLE FOR PILOTS.
TRAINING FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY AIRCRAFT.
SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE.
CHAPTER 4 – ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA.
CHAPTER 5 – Conclusion and Further Score.
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The aviation industry has progressed a lot in terms of technological advancements. These advancements are continuously demanding changes in the nature of aeroplane and are consequently increasing the pilot’s work. Aeroplanes industry is undergoing through the growth process, resulting in aeroplanes and pilots being the target of continuous process improvement plan. The result of these advancements is clearly evident when we compare the features and technologies incorporated in a traditional aeroplane with today’s Airbus A350 or A380. Moreover, the advancement of technology in the aircraft industry has further brought in the concept of automation in the aviation industry.
AIRPLANES: A novice observer might call it “wow” and declare that “automation and advancement in technology have reduced pilot’s work” but for trained eyes “that includes certified pilots” clearly know that such sort of advancements and improvements demands more awareness and eventually increases one’s responsibilities and work.
The substantial growth of the aviation industry can easily be seen by the remarkable feature present in the modern aeroplanes such as A-350 and A380. Airbus A-380 can accommodate up to 853 passengers per flight and uses advanced technology and is huge in terms of size and has a robust body (Airbus, The A-380 programmer, EADS 2006). AIRPLANES The A380 has reduced traffic congestions at the crowded airports and is accommodating more passengers with lesser flights. Hence, it is “doing more with less” (Aviation benefits, 2007).
The aircraft-like A-350 and A-380 make use of the digital communication in order to exchange any information that includes weather, load control, cross-checking, handling information of cockpit selectors, etc. This different mode of communication and advanced features of aircraft effects pilot’s task too regarding aircraft handling. Moreover, the increase in passenger is directly related to the increase in medical events, which further changes the pilot’s task.
The introduction of automation and technological advancements in the aviation industry has provided several benefits (as mentioned above) and has helped in attaining better control but these benefits are bringing in some disadvantages too. Curry 1980 argues and name these disadvantages as “price/amount”, a price which is resulting in different human factor demands and is being paid by the pilot’s in terms of skill degradation, increased workload, need of specialized trainings, reduced awareness of the situation and incompatibility of cockpit with the controlling systems etc. (Wiener and Curry, 1980).
It is further observed that when the systems get more advanced and complex, in case of emergencies when things go wrong more loss is encountered (Wickens, 2008)
Moreover, the improvement in technology results in more human failures (Dahlstrom, N. 2008). The demand in pilot’s task increases with the advancement of technology, although it was thought that it will reduce pilot’s workload and will increase safety but the opposite has been observed (Green, R.G, 1996)
The disadvantages that the pilots have to face due to the advancement in technology or the improvised nature of aeroplanes include skill degradation of their work, increased mental workload and reduced situation awareness. A brief description of all these is provided in the upcoming section.
The aim of this paper is to address the statement that “how different human factor demands emerge from the nature of aeroplanes “or in other words the statement can be framed as “how pilot’s task changes because of the nature of aeroplane.”
I will particularly provide the answer to this stimulating debate by interviewing 15 pilots and will frame my answer according to their opinions and the research results.
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION
The working title of this thesis is
“How different human factor demands emerge from the nature of an aeroplane.” The case of an Airbus planes pilot’s task.
In order to evaluate answer for the above method, SMIE approach is used. SMIE (stands for subject matter industry expert) approach involves an expert who has special regarding or knowledge on a particular job. This approach is generally used when the data on a specific topic is quite limited and so is the case with this research.
there is a lack of literature in this area which can evaluate the relationship between the advanced aeroplanes like A-350 and A-380 and emerging human factor demands primarily based on pilot’s task hence, to understand fully the impact of changing nature of aeroplane over the pilot’s job, the pilots of Airbus A-350 and A-380 are interviewed.
1.3 RESEARCH TECHNIQUE
The dissertation will start with an introduction which will explain how the changing nature of aeroplanes is affecting human factor demands. The literature review will then address some important theories that include skill degradation, flight deck design, HIP, workload, situation awareness, decision making and error and CRM and the implication of pilot’s task. The methodology section will analyze the method that is being used to carry out the thesis process. The analysis section will analyze and discuss the findings that were obtained. The conclusion section will then summarize all the findings that were obtained as a result of interviewing.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
The scope of the current research is limited towards the impact of the changing nature of aeroplanes on the pilot’s task. A very limited research is conducted in this area. Therefore the sole purpose of the study would be to figure out how the advancement in the aviation industry to affect the pilot’s task. There is a lack of literature in this area which can evaluate the relationship between the advanced aeroplanes like A-350 and A-380 and emerge human factor demands primarily based on pilot’s task. In order to fully understand the impact of changing nature of aeroplane over the pilot’s job, the pilots of Airbus A-350 and A-380 are interviewed.
1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aims and objectives of the study are illustrated below:
- To study the impact of the nature of aeroplanes on the pilot’s task.
- To develop an idea that advancement in aviation increases the mental workload for pilots.
- To understand the relationship between pilots’ task and changing designs of the flight deck in different aeroplanes.
- To understand the relationship between the pilot’s task and CRM due to the technological advancement of the airplane.
- To illustrate the fact that skill degradation of pilots occurs because of advancement in the aviation
- To interview the flight instructor of A-350/A-380, who previous experience of flying traditional aeroplanes.
- To enlighten the fact that advancement in technology results in reduced situation awareness for the pilots.
1.6 STRUCTURE OF PROPOSED STUDY
Chapter 1- has discussed introduction, research question, the proposed method, the scope of the research and other important aspects related to the study
Chapter 2- will include an in-depth literature review regarding different human factor demands that emerge from the nature of aeroplanes. It will include important theories such as skill degradation, flight deck design, HIP, workload, situation awareness, decision making and error and CRM and the implication of the pilot’s task.
Chapter 3-discusses the in-depth methodology of the thesis. This chapter includes a research approach, research design, sampling techniques, research limitations, and questionnaires.
Chapter 4-discusses the analysis and findings of the result
Chapter 5-discusses the conclusions of the result
Chapter 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 BACKGROUND
The researchers that include research groups and development groups have conducted research in the area of advancement of technology in the aviation industry. In the field of human factors demands that emerge from the advancement in the aviation industry, research organizations that include NASA(Wiener 1989; Wiener et al., 1991) and the Institute of Aviation Medicine at Farnborough (James et a1 1991) have conducted field studies…
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